This website uses cookies to enhance your browsing experience and ensure the functionality of our site. For more detailed information about the types of cookies we use and how we protect your privacy, please visit our Privacy Information page.
×
Cookie Settings
This website uses different types of cookies to enhance your experience. Please select your preferences below:
Circumglobal. Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada and Bermuda to approximately Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ref. 57756). Appears to be absent from the Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 9626). Eastern Atlantic: St. Helena, Ascension, Cape Verde, and Gulf of Guinea (Ref. 7097); Azores and Madeira (Ref. 4233). Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Seychelles, Mascarenes, South Africa, and Sri Lanka (Ref. 3287). Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California and Revillagigedo Island to Ecuador (Ref. 9283). Circumglobal。 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省與百慕達群島到大約巴西的貝南博古。 似乎墨西哥灣沒有出現。 (參考文獻 9626) 東大西洋: 聖赫勒拿島，阿森松島，維德角與幾內亞灣;(參考文獻 7097) 亞速群島與馬得拉群島.(參考文獻 4233) 印度洋: 紅海，亞丁灣，塞錫爾群島，瑪斯科林群島，南非與斯里蘭卡.(參考文獻 3287) 東太平洋: 加州灣與雷維拉吉哥多島到厄瓜多.(參考文獻 9283)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm? range ? - ? cm Max length : 46.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 55763); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 55763)
背棘 (总数) : 9; 背的软条 (总数) : 31 - 37; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 27 - 31; 脊椎骨: 24. This species is distinguished by the following characters: oral valve (membrane) at symphysis of upper jaw conspicuously white in adults; posterior end of upper jaw straight above, moderately rounded and noticeably slanted anteroventrally; both jaws without teeth; shoulder girdle (cleithrum) margin with 2 small papillae, the lower papilla larger; terminal dorsal- and anal-fin rays each consisting of a widely detached finlet; pectoral fins short (58 to 72% of head length), tip of appressed fins falling considerably short of a vertical line from second dorsal-fin origin; lateral line scales, curved 58-75 and without scutes, straight 18-39 with 24-40 scutes, the total scales and scutes in lateral line (excluding scales on caudal fin) 110 to 138; interorbital scales usually extending to above front margin of the pupil. Colour in life bluish green and slivery below; small black blotch on margin of opercle near upper edge; caudal fin yellow-green and dorsal fin lobe sometimes dark distally; anal and pelvic fins pale to whitish (Ref. 9894, 11228). Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval. 细长的身体, 细长的, 与略微圆形的横切面; 上颌的后缘笔直地背面, 一般圆的且斜腹地; 肩肢带骨 (匙骨) 的边缘有两个小的乳突，下面那一条比较大的; 背鳍与臀鳍每个跟随着一个个别的小鳍了; 黑色的铁蓝色的绿色; 腹面是银白色; 背缘鳃盖有一个小的黑点.(参考文献 55763) 蓝绿色的上方, 下面银色的; 黄绿色的尾鳍; 小的黑色鳃盖斑点.(参考文献 3197) 没有在侧线上的深色的点; 尾鳍淡红的.(参考文献 13442)
Adults prefer clear oceanic waters, frequently around islands (Ref. 5217). Sometimes they are found near the surface, but generally caught between 40 and 200 m depth (Ref. 9283). Pelagic (Ref. 58302). Usually seen as fast moving schools along the reef edges near deep water (Ref. 48635, 26235). They feed mainly on zooplankton (Ref. 9283). Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 4233). Caught with purse seines and trawls (Ref. 9894). Marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283).
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995. Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9283)
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 13 - 27.9, mean 21.9 °C (based on 2100 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00782 - 0.01848), b=2.98 (2.85 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
营养阶层 (Ref. 69278): 4.0 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2 growth studies.
