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Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839)
Bull shark
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| Carcharhinus leucas AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Carcharhinus leucas
Afbeelding van Randall, J.E.
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Afbeelding van Randall, J.E.
Classificatie / Names Lokale namen | Synoniemen | Catalog of Fishes(Genus, Soort(en)) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii (haaien en roggen) (sharks and rays) > Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) > Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks)
Etymology: Carcharhinus: karcharos (Gr.), sharp or jagged; rhinus, an ancient name for sharks, from rhine (Gr.), rasp, both words alluding to a shark's jagged, rasp-like skin (See ETYFish); leucas: From leukos (Gr.), white, referring to its body color, usually grayish with white underside [authorship often attributed to Müller & Henle, who published Valenciennes’ description] (See ETYFish).
Etymology: Carcharhinus: karcharos (Gr.), sharp or jagged; rhinus, an ancient name for sharks, from rhine (Gr.), rasp, both words alluding to a shark's jagged, rasp-like skin (See ETYFish); leucas: From leukos (Gr.), white, referring to its body color, usually grayish with white underside [authorship often attributed to Müller & Henle, who published Valenciennes’ description] (See ETYFish).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologie
marien; zoet water; brak water rifbewoner; amfidroom (Ref. 51243); diepte 1 - 164 m (Ref. 106604), usually 1 - 30 m (Ref. 55183). Subtropical; 42°N - 39°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 55182)
Verspreiding Landen | FAO regio's | Ecosystemen | Voorkomen | Point map | Introducties | Faunafri
Cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical waters (Ref. 81283): widespread in warm oceans, rivers and lakes (Ref. 4716). Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA to Argentina (Ref. 58839); eastern Atlantic: Morocco, Senegal to Angola (Ref. 81283, 81623); Indo-Pacific: Kenya and South Africa to India, then, Viet Nam to Australia; southern Baja California, Mexico to Ecuador and possibly occurring in Peru. Africa: in freshwater found in rivers of West Africa from Gambia River to Ogowe River (Ref. 81283) and in the Cuanza in Angola (Ref. 120641).
Sympatric with Carcharhinus amboinensis, Glyphis gangeticus.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm 201.0, range 180 - 230 cm
Max length : 360 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 85726); 400.0 cm TL (female); common length : 260 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 9253); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 316.5 kg (Ref. 40637); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 32 Jaren (Ref. 42004)
Max length : 360 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 85726); 400.0 cm TL (female); common length : 260 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 9253); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 316.5 kg (Ref. 40637); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 32 Jaren (Ref. 42004)
Korte beschrijving Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 0; Anale stekels: 0. Diagnosis: Carcharhinus leucas is a massive shark with a short, broad and blunt snout, small eyes and triangular saw-edged upper teeth, and lack of interdorsal ridge, characters which are sufficient to distinguish this species (Ref. 26938).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
A coastal and freshwater shark inhabiting shallow waters especially in bays, estuaries, rivers, and lakes (Ref. 244). It readily penetrates far up rivers and hypersaline bays and littoral lagoons (Ref. 9997, 44894, 81283). Capable of covering great distances (up to 180 kilometers in 24 hours), moving between fresh and brackish water at random (Ref. 44894). Adults often found near estuaries and freshwater inflows to the sea; young enter rivers and may be found hundreds of km from the sea (Ref. 4967, 44894, 58304). Feeds on bony fishes, other sharks, rays, mantis shrimps, crabs, squid, sea snails, sea urchins, mammalian carrion, sea turtles, and occasionally garbage (Ref. 244, 5578, 44894). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Gives birth to litters of up to 13 young (Ref. 26938, 44894). Size at birth is 56-81 cm TL (Ref. 81623). Sexual maturity is attained after 10-15 years (at a length between 160-200 centimeters) (Ref. 44894). Though not commercially important, this species is a good food fish (Ref. 12484). Utilized fresh, fresh-frozen or smoked for human consumption, fins for soup, hide for leather, liver for oil, and carcass for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Very hardy and lives well in captivity (Ref. 244). This large shark is potentially dangerous to man (Ref. 81283), probably the most dangerous species of tropical shark (Ref. 244), and it is repeatedly implicated in attacks on humans (Ref. 4967, 44894); attacks in fresh water are rare (Ref. 44894).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven
Viviparpous, with a yolk-sac placenta, 1-13 young in a litter. Size at birth about 60 cm TL (Ref. 9997). In the western North Atlantic off Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and off South Africa, young are born in late spring or early summer. Off Nicaragua, females may have young throughout the year, with a peak in spring and early summer. Estimated gestation period is 10 to 11 months (Ref. 244). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Females often have courtship scars, but males are rarely seen with fighting scars (Ref. 244).
Hoofdreferentie
Upload your references | Referenties | Coördinator : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | Medewerkers
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Kwetsbaar (VU) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 24 November 2020
Gevaar voor de mens
Traumatogenic (Ref. 4690)
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel; sportvis: ja
FAO - visserij: aanvoer; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Meer informatie
Population dynamics
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Length-weight rel.
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Eieren
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Larven
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Physiology
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Body composition
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Zuurstofverbruik
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 23.2 - 29, mean 27.5 °C (based on 2930 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00501 (0.00405 - 0.00620), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278): 4.3 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179): Zeer laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd meer dan 14 jaar (K=0.04-0.15; tm=6-21; tmax=32; Fec=1-13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 2.56 [0.48, 14.67] mg/100g; Iron = 0.304 [0.074, 0.932] mg/100g; Protein = 23 [20, 25] %; Omega3 = 0.151 [0.052, 0.397] g/100g; Selenium = 17.1 [5.0, 54.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 28 [7, 105] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.431 [0.202, 0.866] mg/100g (wet weight);