An oceanic species occurring above and below the thermoclines. Pelagic in open water , but rarely seen near reefs (Ref. 48637). They school primarily by size, either in monospecific or multi-species groups. Larger fish frequently school with porpoises, also associated with floating debris and other objects. Feed on fishes, crustaceans and squids. It is sensitive to low concentrations of oxygen and therefore is not usually caught below 250 m in the tropics (Ref. 28952, 30329). Peak spawning occurs during the summer, in batches (Ref. 9684, 51846). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Encircling nets are employed to catch schools near the surface (Ref. 9340). Caught mainly with longlines and purse seines. Marketed mainly fresh, frozen, canned (Ref. 9684), but also smoked (Ref. 9987). Highly valued for sashimi (Ref. 26938).
出現在溫水層上下的一個大洋性的種。 大洋性的，在開放水域中 , 但是很少見到在礁的附近.(參考文獻 48637) 他們主要依照大小群集, 形成單一魚種或多種群。 較大的魚時常與鼠海豚一起群游, 也伴隨著漂浮的殘礫與其他的目標。 捕食魚，甲殼動物與烏賊。 分批產卵者是.(參考文獻 51846) 它是對低溶氧量敏感因此不常在熱帶中被在 250 公尺之下捕捉.(參考文獻 28952,30329) 生殖高峰發生於夏天, 成批.(參考文獻 9684) 圍網被用來捕捉魚群接近水表面。 (參考文獻 9340) 主要地在市場上銷售凍結而且裝於罐頭 (參考文獻 9684), 也生鮮地 (參考文獻 9340) 而且煙燻.(參考文獻 9987) 高度價值用作生魚片.(參考文獻 26938)
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 16.5 - 28.9, mean 26.7 °C (based on 6382 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01445 (0.01183 - 0.01766), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 4.4 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.8 (2.3 - 3.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 46
growth studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.13-0.42; tm=2-5; tmax=8; Fec=200,000).
Prior r = 0.36, 95% CL = 0.24 - 0.54, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 41 [22, 86] mg/100g; Iron = 2.84 [1.17, 6.68] mg/100g; Protein = 23.7 [22.2, 25.1] %; Omega3 = 0.274 [0.166, 0.457] g/100g; Selenium = 82.4 [21.0, 256.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 29.6 [3.7, 227.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.524 [0.292, 0.972] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies. 
