Ecology Summary - Pungitius pungitius

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Main Ref.	Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973
Remarks	Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723). Marine populations found near shore and move into freshwater to spawn (Ref. 5723). There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998). During breeding season, the eggs and larvae are consumed as food (Ref. 1998). It is preyed upon by fish-eating birds, kingfishers and mergansers; fishes such as walleye, brook trout, lake trout, yellow perch and burbot. Parasites of the species include 3 protozoans, 3 myxosporidians, 3 monogeneans, 8 trematodes, 5 cestodes, 6 acanthocephalans, 2 molluscs, 1 branchiuran and 2 copepods (Ref. 5951).

Main Ref.

Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973

Remarks

Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723). Marine populations found near shore and move into freshwater to spawn (Ref. 5723). There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998). During breeding season, the eggs and larvae are consumed as food (Ref. 1998). It is preyed upon by fish-eating birds, kingfishers and mergansers; fishes such as walleye, brook trout, lake trout, yellow perch and burbot. Parasites of the species include 3 protozoans, 3 myxosporidians, 3 monogeneans, 8 trematodes, 5 cestodes, 6 acanthocephalans, 2 molluscs, 1 branchiuran and 2 copepods (Ref. 5951).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Pungitius pungitius may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Soft Bottom: sand;
Substrate Ref.	Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991
Special habitats	vegetation
Special habitats Ref.	Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991

Associations

Fonte Biblio.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Commento
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Commento
From diet composition	3.32	0.10			Troph of juv./adults from 8 studies.
From individual food items	3.35	0.42			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Fonte Biblio.	Walsh, G. and G.J. Fitzgerald, 1984

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Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Habitat

Associations

Feeding