| 主要參考文獻 | Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Fund in mixed schools of adults and subadults usually between 15-60 fish (max of 200 fish). Fish found in rocky ridges are most likely to be territorial, e.g. those found in Ponyemba at 4-12 m were males, about 2 m apart, highly aggressive intraspecifically and defended areas usually at base of rocks and centered around sand-scraped nests. Associated with these males were numerous females and non-territorial males which remained 2-3 m above the males in the water column, apparently feeding on plankton. |
Aquatic zones / Water bodies
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
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Habitat
| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
Associations
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
進食
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983 |
Trophic Level(s)
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 3.68 | 0.14 | 3.10 | 0.25 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| 從個別的食物項目 | |||||
| 參考文獻 | Ribbink, A.J., B.A. Marsh, A.C. Marsh, A.C. Ribbink and B.J. Sharp, 1983 | ||||